Sorry am out and on a phone, so limited in what I can do.
However, I took one link from a missing image and tried to open it directly, but it leads to a 404.
It seems your /images/…..jpg. path is not WP compliant.
My thoughts and suggestion is to uoload a new test image to the site and record the full path.
Next, copy all yout images into the same directory as that new test image. (Don’t delete the old images! )
Then use a ‘find and replace’ plugin to change the paths of the old images to match that of the new test image, and the place where you have copied all the old ones.
I did this years ago for some odd fix and it worked.
Please be sure to back up the database before you change it, and test it first with a single image url to make m sure it works for you, BEFORE using the muclear site-wide option, as search-and-replace cannot be undone!
Regards!